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Yes, you can file a claim against the government for an auto accident injury, provided that you comply with the special conditions applicable to personal injury lawsuits against the government. These conditions depend on whether you are using the federal government, the state government, or a local government.
If you win a lawsuit for money damages against a government, the money comes out of the state treasury. If effect, you are suing John Q. Taxpayer, including yourself if you are a taxpayer in the jurisdiction. It is for this reason that, absent special exceptions, the government enjoys “sovereign immunity” from lawsuits for money damages. Exceptions do exist, and they are codified in special legislation.
The general rule is that you can only sue a government if it permits claimants to sue it – otherwise, it enjoys immunity from lawsuits. Typically, the legislature of a government will pass a Tort Claims Act that allows the government to be sued for certain claims. Permissible claims almost always include auto accident injury claims. Special application procedures apply, the statute of limitations is often different, and other requirements may apply as well.
One barrier to filing a lawsuit against the government is whether the act or omission is classified as a discretionary act or a ministerial act. In a nutshell, a discretionary act involves the application of judgment, while a ministerial act is routine. Generally, you cannot sue the government for a claim arising from a discretionary act, but you can sue the government for a claim arising from a ministerial act.
The reason for this distinction is that suing governments because you don’t agree with their judgment would paralyze governments and essentially leave courts in charge of the country. Fortunately, courts across the nation have consistently identified driving a car as a ministerial act, not a discretionary act.
Governments typically waive their sovereign immunity when the following conditions are met:
In each case, the “defendant” is the government as represented by one of its employees. If you are involved in an auto accident with a recklessly driven state police car, for example, the “defendant” is the state of Connecticut acting through one of its employees – in this case, a state trooper.
Keep in mind that you should sue the government rather than the state trooper in his capacity. In effect, the government acts as the insurer of the consequences of the negligent acts of its employees.
The Federal Tort Claims Act authorizes certain types of lawsuits against the federal government, including auto accident lawsuits. These lawsuits are subject to special characteristics, however, as described below.
If you are involved in an auto accident in Connecticut that was caused by the negligence of a federal government employee, for example, Connecticut state law will apply, regardless of the residence of the defendant. Even though state law will apply, however, you must bring your action in a US District Court and the judge will decide the case without a jury.
The basic elements of a negligence claim apply to an auto accident claim against the federal government:
You can maintain a lawsuit against the federal government against one of its employees, but you generally cannot maintain a lawsuit against an independent contractor, even if the contractor was hired by the government (unless you can prove the government was negligent in hiring the contractor). Instead of using the government for the actions of an independent contractor, you will need to sue the independent contractor or his insurance company.
An example of this situation would be if you sued a commercial trucker who was executing a government contract at the time of the collision. Keep in mind, however, the difference between an employee and an independent contractor is a judgment call that is based on a variety of considerations. The basic principle is that an independent contractor enjoys far more independence from the entity that hired him than an employee does.
The procedure for suing the federal government is different from the procedure used to sue private entities in the ways that are described below.
If you want to sue a division of the federal government, you must provide them with the advance written notice of your claim using Standard Form 95. Exactly where you file this notice and who you file it with depends on which branch of the government (the Postal Service, for example) you are planning to sue. On Standard Form 95, you state the number of damages you are seeking, and you provide facts sufficient to allow the government to investigate your claim.
The statute of limitations concerning the Federal Tort Claims Act sets the deadline by which you must file the Notice of Claim – generally, within two years of the accident. Once you deliver the Notice of Claim, the government has six months to deny liability. If it does not do so within that time, you are free to file a lawsuit in federal court. If it does deny liability within this six-month window, you can file a lawsuit immediately.
There are several limits to the damages you can receive from a successful auto accident lawsuit against the federal government:
Connecticut sovereign immunity law applies to claims against the state government, and in many ways, the rules are the same as the rules for suing the federal government. Lawsuits arising from auto accidents are permitted, and you can also sue the state for auto accidents caused by improper maintenance of highways and bridges (not limited to state highways).
The person who caused the accident must have been a state employee (normally the defendant cannot be an independent contractor) who was acting lawfully within the scope of his duties. Unlike federal claims, however, you don’t have to sue in federal court, simply because you are using the government. You will probably need to submit a Notice of Claim in duplicate to the Connecticut Claims Commissioner. The Notice of Claim must include:
Once the Claims Commissioner has received your Notice of Claim, he will hold a hearing on the merits of your claim. After the hearing, the Claims Commissioner will have 90 days to:
Generally, in the case of an auto accident, you must submit your Notice of Claim within one year of the date of the accident. Different rules apply to prison inmates and wrongful death claims, however. If you are injured in an auto accident and don’t realize it immediately (as can be the case with certain head injuries and soft tissue injuries), your one-year statute of limitations begins on the date that you discovered or should have discovered your injury.
You will not be allowed to delay submitting your Notice of Claim any longer than three years after the accident unless the Connecticut General Assembly makes an exception to the ordinary statute of limitations through a special legislative act.
In the United States, including Connecticut, local governments and public schools are considered to be parts of the state governments in a way that states are considered to be parts of the federal government. For this reason, you can sue a local government or a public school on the terms set by Connecticut sovereign immunity law – in other words, you don’t have to look for the town or school’s rules for sovereign immunity.
Native American tribal governments also enjoy sovereign immunity, but only Congress can limit this immunity to allow a lawsuit against a tribe. State governments do not have the power to limit the sovereign immunity of a Native American tribe, even if its territory lies within their state.
If you have been injured in an auto accident, or if your loved one recently died in an auto accident, you must secure competent legal representation, regardless of whether you believe that the government was to blame for your accident.
Call Berkowitz Hanna today or simply contact us online for a free initial consultation. Initial consultations are free of charge, and you will never owe us anything, ever, unless we win your case.
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